Culture, Language and Education

 Culture, Language and Education

The mind map

The research of the three chosen countries.

Australia

In Australia it was the anthropologists who discovered the forms of oral expression, in terms of social structures and religious rites, they also did it to some linguists such as Gerhardt Laves, Arthur Capell. We found other authors who made recording on the aboriginal myths, stories and texts of songs. Anthropologist researchers Chaterine and Ronald Berndt also researched large numbers of Aboriginal oral genre texts.

The aborigines that we find in Australia as oral genres, we find singing and dance, this is used to perform ceremonies or rituals, the man in much of Australia and the woman in some places are leaders in their communities in this type of ritual and they are considered of great prestige, since they are beings who take control of knowledge and give the ways in which that knowledge is codified in Adnherm land they do the ritual that in English is called "Sunday business" and a ritual of businessmen is a "man of business "this gives us to understand their own concentration of their aborigines in their oral traditions: songs, dances, icons and entire ceremonies are sacred and secret.

The aborigines that we find in Australia as oral genres, we find singing and dance, this is used to perform ceremonies or rituals, the man in much of Australia and the woman in some places are leaders in their communities in this type of ritual and they are considered of great prestige, since they are beings who take control of knowledge and give the ways in which that knowledge is codified in Adnherm land they do the ritual that in English is called "Sunday business" and a ritual of businessmen is a "man of business "this gives us to understand their own concentration of their aborigines in their oral traditions: songs, dances, icon and entire ceremonies are sacred and secret. These rituals have transcendental powers, while the language of human procreation becomes itself as men remove children from caring for their mothers to be reborn and begin to include them in mysterious transcendental cults. There are some places that are very named, such as Djunawunya, and are symbols of identity, for example, a sand sculpture is made in the morgue to celebrate with songs, dances and visual media, it is particularly important in mortuary celebrations since it is the only one moment that a tribute to people is made.

The stories between the communities are transcending and almost all their experiences and experiences are narrated as stories to children and children's songs, this is the way to enculture children and teach in the form of prose to memorize their language, but there are differences in the songs and daily speeches since syllables are added to the words of everyday language, phonological changes, such as metatheses, use of archaisms and morphological simplification. In this place the interpretation of the language is expensive because it is controlled by older men and women, but some young people are gradually educated through their experience, in some parts of Australia they have had a considerable variety of oral genres.

The oral tradition has been maintained for several years through films, where authors such as A. C. Haddon and W. Baldwin Spencer (Dunlop 1979;

Mulvaney and Calaby 1985: 195-200), as well as A. P. Elkin, made important advances in the history of sound recording and ethnographic film production in Australia.

Thanks to these investigations we can discover that the oral traditions have been kept alive thanks to the fact that these investigations are followed, also the author explains that all the stories are told by themselves and many oral texts are kept in their memories and other texts are written In original languages ​​such as Aboriginal English, Australian Standard English or different mixtures of these, they also find paintings and other non-verbal illustrations of Aboriginal oral performances that have been produced in many films always showing the most originality possible.

Among the most aboriginal texts is prose and is seen as a monologue or dialogue or mixture of the two forms, it continues to advance through the exchange between own conversations or aborigines such as dramatis personae, other publications speak of writings such as drama and poetry Eurepea, presenting the oral-dramatic character and other linguistic characteristics to present basic units of speech as discrete lines. Oral texts to be translated from their aboriginal language into English for easy comprehension were required to go through three parallel lines of text, phonetics, interlinear brightness or morphemeby-morphema and a standard translation into English. The author explains that he continues to work together with the ethnomusicologist Stephen Wild on Djambidj a series of exhaustions of this place composed by Frank Gurrmanamana and Frank Malkorda, also the production of a book to accompany performances by Djambidj and various chapters of anthropology, musicology and background Biographies of the series and the singers (Clunies Ross and Wild 1982), have also developed "song verse performance profiles", but continue to make translations not only for specialists but for non-specialists through performance profiles, summary Verbal and tape recordings, all these samples and others of oral expression and oral tradition are kept in museums to be seen by visitors who want to learn about this culture, a neglected field is that of Aboriginal dance, so it is still expected to be investigated, they also hope that the investigation will continue in the texts spoken by many ethnographic rec Graduates to expand their repertoire of analysis in the different written and oral texts, so that their culture is recognized by all continents as well as western culture is admired and praised, they hope that their culture can be made known and be highlighted among renowned cultures.

Mrs. Eliza Hamilton, she was the first Australian poet, she calls “Nature Poetry” together with the translation and gloss, published in the Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October 1848:

Nung-Ngnun Nge a runba wonung bulkirra umbilinto bulwarra; Pital burra kultan wirripang buntao Our home is the gibber-gunyah, Where hill joins hill on high; Where the turruma and berrambo, Like sleeping serpents lie; And the rushing of wings, as the wangas pass, Sweeps the wallaby’s print from the glistening grass. (Ross, (1986))

New Zealand

In New Zealand, oral tradition is attributed by indigenous peoples more than 1,000 years ago, who came from the Polynesian island. Maori culture has evolved over time in New Zealand and today they have their own race and cultural traditions through the narrative that has been passed down from generation to generation, memorizing every detail and secretly done, the young people who They learned this culture and were educated to preserve the oral history of their Whare Wananga and Wahre Kura tribe.

They were taught that they should pass these learning on to selected young people who were also passing on that knowledge, they were taught about high class rituals and traditions, history and arts of black magic.

The story house, the whare wananga or house of occult science was an ancient institution run by "Rangiatea" located at the top of the 12 heavens, but the first leader of this knowledge was Rua-te-pupuke who was located in The original homeland of the Maori kept all the Tapu knowledge of the three baskets or the esoteric knowledge of Tane as Supreme Being.

There was another house built by Whiro called "Tai-whetuki" where all the harmful rituals, the arts of black magic, and all the arts and knowledge related to evil and death were preserved. The Maori have elapsed despite the arrival of the Europeans who have wanted to eliminate these customs and traditions, priestly experts have kept trivial records and national history, although they were scattered throughout the territory, many preserved their originality and maintained their knowledge for today to be transmitted and get an idea of ​​our culture and identity.

Oral narration is the mix of religion, myths and art. The songs, songs, accessories, traditional costumes were brought by their gods, their compositions consisting of delivery of voice, gestures and facial expressions, which convey the tone and emotion of the story. The oral narrations were carried out in a traditional tribal place that could be a main building or an open area and its new members were received with a song (the karanga), this culture was highly oratory, much of its narrations consisted of composing, memorizing and perform all kinds of pemas, songs of war, laments and prayers. Oral production provided religion as their language and knowledge was transmitted by the gods through religious rituals, all these songs, poems, prayers and songs were part of their mythology to learn about their past and tell the legends of their gods and its ancestors, told directly and using all kinds of fantastic images and elements to understand its history and transmit it to this day to have a real knowledge of all its past. (All good Tales, 2018)

Haiti

The Haitian culture is mixed by West Africa, native Taino, French and Spanish Amerindians, therefore the languages ​​in Haiti are Haitian Kreyol which is a mixture of African languages, native Taino and French languages, French is also spoken by professionals and high school students, this greatly affects the progress of Haiti in terms of the Economy, Education and the Social sector, since in the upper classes French is spoken, which is only 20% and the rest of Haitians speak Kreyol as a language official after the independence of Haiti since part of the Literature and official correspondence was in the Kreyol language. Modern Kreyol has undergone great linguistic transformations in the present day, giving way to the creation of the National Constitution and the Haitian Hymn, in addition to the creation of plays, novels, stories and fables, although the French language regains strength, in the modern era.

The forms of artistic expression are painting, wrought iron, wood carvings and embroidery. The paintings are colorful and bright, they represent history and use images and symbols.

Dance and music are very united to call people to joy, some Haitian music is used for healing, traditional dance is accompanied by sacred drums and rhythmic patterns. The union of Haitian music and voodoo are born musical patterns such as Kompa, Rara, Roots, Hip Hop and Jazz accompanied by electric guitars, synthesizers, saxophone and a trumpet section, the lyrics are sung in kreyol. Haitian music is made for dancing, which is why some use it to draw bad energy and purify their bodies, among the dances there is the voodoo, traditional Haitian dance, African and European forms and ballet, The Ballet Bacoulou d'Hait It is one of the oldest companies in this dance.

Folklore is one of the most important Haitian cultures that comes from the voodoo traditions, and they are transmitted from generation to generation through storytelling.

Singing, poetry and riddles is one of the ways to share folk tales. Its most important celebrations are Ancestor Day on January 2 and Independence Day on January 3. Proverbs are used in everyday speech and to transmit knowledge and share its wisdom to the younger generation. Here are some examples:

Dye mòn, gen mòn
Beyond the mountains are other mountains
(A proverb of both patience and the recognition of how difficult life in Haiti is.)
​
Kreyòl pale, kreyòl konprann
Speak plainly, don’t try to deceive

Piti, piti, zwazo fè nich li.
Little by little the bird builds its nest

Recreation in Haiti is done through storytelling, soccer, card domination, and the game of roosters. Children play hopscotch, marbles hide and seek. (UHUK, 2008)

Reflection

Oxford and Gkonou give us a fairly clear definition of the importance of culture in language learning, when they tell us that "culture and language form a highly woven tapestry, rich in vibrant colors, shadows and reflections", where the unity of culture and language, allow learning to have a more real meaning and to be able to know the roots of what we are learning, to acquire the skills and competences in this case the English language. Carrying out research on oral traditions in each country, I discovered that communication had a very complex evolutionary process to express their thoughts and feelings either in writing or orally. In the case of Australia, the aborigines ivan teaching their rituals and dances. they told their young people and through poetry they told their stories and taught their children all this knowledge, while those from New Zealand were indigenous people who transmitted it to young people through the oral narration of their stories and in Haiti it was West African culture mixed with the French to give as a result a new language like Kreyol, remaining until now this language as the most spoken on that Island. Language and culture are an essential part of the human being and with this we can realize that they are connected and that they will maintain this connection, This is why when we learn a new language we also learn the culture, that is, its context, Customs, Food, C elebrations and Language, but we must also learn their internal culture, that is, their values ​​and attitudes, the way they go about life, language students are willing to understand culturally conscious things and as they acquire a language he is enthusiastic to understand the unconscious things of the target culture and automatically his own, making a comparison of the cultures. The culture is integrated with the language to provide the student with learning strategies through thoughts, feelings and actions that are conscious and managed by the student to acquire the general skills and competencies that the language requires as explained by the authors Oxfor and Gkonou on page 406. (Oxford, & Gkonou, , (2018))

In the three countries surveyed, Australia, New Zealand and Haiti, language proficiency makes a strong transformation in culture and allowed each of the languages ​​to be transmitted from generation to generation, showing the cultural identity that makes them unique and different from many cultures. , but I was also able to identify that intercultural competition has existed many years ago since the beginning of these peoples, they somehow received historical knowledge and oral tradition teachings from other countries that entered to colonize or conquer their territories, in the case of Haiti it is The intercultural competence they experience is very evident because their native language is a mixture of French and the language of West Africans, since we remember that in Haiti the largest population comes from West Africa because they were fleeing slavery, so customs and traditions are of this culture and then the French came to conquer And to give independence as a country, they were adopting the Kreyol and French languages, as well as poetry, music and dance as ways of expressing their feelings and thoughts. All these relationships with other social groups are called intercultural competition. The great dilemma in Haiti is that they must learn French to receive a professional education, this has its advantages since they can bring economic, social and political progress, as well as progress in education, but there is a disadvantage and that is that their education may disappear. native language, educators must fight for governments to allow an intercultural education that allows them a strategic learning that includes languages ​​and there is no discrimination of languages, social class, identity, that there is a good linguistic or communicative competence on the part of teachers in primary, secondary and university schools, where teachers integrate the variety of languages, that is, they are intercultural and can help each student in their academic preparation according to their language and helping them to know and understand culture and language to learn. (Chan, (2015))

Research on the culture of the language that we wish to learn or teach is essential as a learning strategy, for the teacher it will be easier to develop the topic and the classroom environment will be one of trust and kindness to understand and understand each problem or difficulty of the student and For the student the class will be exciting, easy to understand and will develop full confidence in their abilities.

Conclusion

In this research work it is possible to identify the importance of language, culture and strategies, the three countries investigated contain a great knowledge of linguistic competences through short stories, narratives of history, poetry, painting, dance, music, myths, rites and different beliefs and customs that identifies them as a social group, but also how many cultures have influenced their cultural and linguistic development, we realize that culture and language are united to create intercultural competition in each country leading to great economic transformations , social, political and religious, giving an advance to modernity, to the quality of life, to an educational quality that will continue to evolve and improve so that many languages ​​are not seen as something impossible to learn, but as educators we create strategies that conquer many students motivated to learn and understand intercultural development.